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Muhammed ibn Umail al-Tamimi
Ibn Umayl, Senior Zadith, Muhammed ibn Umail at-Tamîmî (Arabic: محمد بن أميل التميمي) was an alchemist of the tenth century. He can be dated to 900–960 AD (286-348 AH) on the basis of the names of acquaintances he mentioned.〔 About his life, since he lived in seclusion, very little is known. Ibn Umayl may have been born in Spain of Arabic parents for a Vatican catalogue lists one manuscript with the nisba Andalusian〔Paul Kraus: Jâbir ibn Haiyân, Cairo, IFAO, 1942–3, p. 299.〕 but his writings suggest he mostly lived and worked in Egypt. He also visited North Africa and Iraq.〔Starr, Peter: (''Towards a Context for Ibn Umayl, Known to Chaucer as the Alchemist Senior'' ). Retrieved 2013-05-22〕〔
In later European literature ibn Umayl became known by a number of names, including Senior from the title Sheikh becoming 'senior' by translation into Latin, Senior Zadith from the honorific ''al-sadik'' becoming Zadith phonetically〔Julius Ruska, ''Senior Zadith = Ibn Umail.'' Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 31, 1928, pp. 665-666.〕 and Zadith filius Hamuel, Zadith ben Hamuel or Zadith Hamuelis from an erroneous translation of ibn Umail.
== Allegorical alchemist ==
Ibn Umayl is what is now called an allegorical alchemist. He saw himself as following his “predecessors among the sages of Islam” in rejecting alchemists who take their subject literally. Although such experimenters discovered the sciences of metallurgy and chemistry, Ibn Umayl felt the allegorical meaning of alchemy is the precious goal that is tragically overlooked. He wrote:
“Eggs are only used as an analogy... the philosophers … wrote many books on such things as eggs, hair, the biles, milk, semen, claws, salt, sulphur, iron, copper, silver, mercury, gold and all the various animals and plants … But then people would copy and circulate these books according to the apparent meaning of these things, and waste their possessions and ruin their souls” ''The Pure Pearl'' chap. 1.〔
For all his devotion to Greek alchemy Ibn Umayl writes as a Muslim, frequently mentioning his religion, explaining his ideas "for all our brothers who are pious Muslims" and quoting verses from the Quran.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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